However, the result was another Roman civil war, which ultimately led to the establishment of a permanent autocracy by Caesar's adopted heir, Gaius Octavianus. A group of senators, led by Caesar's former friend Marcus Junius Brutus, assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March (March 15) in 44 BC, hoping to restore the normal running of the Republic. He was proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity" (dictator perpetuo), and heavily centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic. Leading his legions across the Rubicon, Caesar began a civil war in 49 BC from which he became the undisputed master of the Roman world.After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. The collapse of the triumvirate, however, led to a stand-off with Pompey and the Senate. His conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world to the North Sea, and he also conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain in 55 BC. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.A politician of the populares tradition, he formed an unofficial triumvirate with Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus which dominated Roman politics for several years, opposed in the Roman Senate by optimates like Marcus Porcius Cato and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. But he wouldn't make this mistake twice.Gaius Iulius Caesar was a Roman military and political leader. Never one to start a revolution, he may have initially underestimated the depths the Optimates would go to, to render him politically impotent. Yet, Pompey avoided open opposition from the Optimates by allying with popular elements of the Senate. The Optimates took every opportunity to outmaneuver Pompey politically, especially while he served overseas with his army. Pompey's real problems stemmed from the Optimates, a group of aristocrats that dominated the Senate, posing actual obstacles to Pompey's objectives. Both generals merely vied for the same spotlight in the Roman rat race. Despite these tensions, though, neither Caesar nor even Marcus Licinius Crassus represented Pompey's real political enemies. To add insult to injury, Pompey divorced his wife Mucia due to her alleged adulterous relationship with Caesar. Perhaps this explains why Pompey experienced so much trouble attempting to quell the ambitious commander's rise to glory, fame, and dangerous popularity among his troops. Long story short, Pompey eventually took all credit for putting down Spartacus's army, and Crassus lamented his decision to seek assistance (via Southern). An official summons from the Senate soon followed these appeals. So, he wrote letters appealing to Pompey in Spain and Lucullus, who fought against Mithradates. Southern explains that Crassus engaged the slave army with six legions, setting up blockades across the Italian peninsula. One capable of destroying the various armies the Roman Republic sent to quell the rebellion. But in a surprising turn of events, other slaves heard of Spartacus' exploits, inspiring them to escape and join his ranks. There, they intended to slip away quietly, returning to their homelands.
GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR STRABO FREE
when a group of gladiators compelled to fight in Capua broke free from their ranks, escaping to the hinterlands of Mount Vesuvius. Spartacus' initial rebellion started in 73 B.C. Haley's "The Five Wives of Pompey the Great").Ä«ut Pat Southern's book "Pompey the Great" explains that more to this transaction existed than meets the eye. A strategic marriage to Sulla's stepdaughter, Aemilia, cemented his military role and furthered his political ambitions (via Shelley P. What's more, Sulla felt compelled to honor Pompey's title of "Magnus," making it official.
Soon, the streets of Rome commemorated Pompey's military prowess. Pompey's loyal troops made sure it was an offer that Sulla couldn't refuse. Invigorated by his increasing popularity, Pompey demanded Sulla throw him a triumph in Rome. However, according to the History Cooperative, his enemies called him the "teenage butcher" because of the atrocities he committed on the battlefield. Besides "Magnus," the troops also referred to Pompey as "Imperator," which must've puffed up his political ambitions. They called him this in recognition of his brutal destruction of enemy forces during two "lightning campaigns" in Africa and Sicily.
During the second civil war for the Roman Republic, Pompey earned the nickname "Magnus" (literally "the great") from the soldiers he commanded.